Security - Trust and Protection for E-Commerce Website

Question: Describe about theSecurity, Trust and Protection for E-Commerce Website. Answer: Executive Summary The innovation that is important for the successful business with the help of internet is E-commerce. This type of the strategy for the transaction of business will allow most of the growth opportunities in the services of marketing and business in different features. The mode of intermediary is the online shopping among sellers or marketers to the client or end customer. The online transaction nature can be constraint by result the instability from transaction that are unprotected, insecurity and also trust. The predominant source for the technique of shopping is the online shopping, if barriers are connected with clients protection, trust and insecurity are handled. The significance owing towards e-commerce towards growth for economic, so in this we will highlight the connected limitations with transaction of e-commerce and it will process steps that are relevant so that these constraints are overcome. Introduction Services and products that are selling and buying encompassed with the help of e-commerce through systems of electronic like internet and few other networks related to computer. Currently, the growth of quick global in an e-commerce that has raised and become significant component for the strategy of the business for transaction that is efficient. In the business technology of e-commerce could revolutionize the relationships among transaction settings for individual or organization. Traditional stores of brick and stones has enhanced with the help of an Internet and through e-commerce website development. Today, most of the e-commerce business mainly online shopping has allowed the buyers to widen their product access through new marketing techniques via e-commerce electronically mediated. (Lin 2005) The concept that are operational, expectations and needs have good understanding for shopping through internet have benefit for efficient online retailing and support the manufacturers for developing more efficient and targeted the operations that are for online retailer. About E-Stores The E-stores would get effort by either an immaculate or the retailer that are conventional. In any case, there is worry over shopping of web, particularly when the home data is close to client and monetary connections is required to support replace through medium of web. The nonexistence of the trust is prone to demoralize online shoppers' expectations from attaining by means of online stores. Nonetheless, with the occurrence e-business, it was reported by Harridge-March that e-trade serves as cost attenuation system for customers through appropriation administrations and merchandise of the system from buyer with the supplier. Not at all like traditional shopping which includes an eye to an eye exchange; shopping of the web utilizes the advancements that are electronic, system and web in making the medium that was intelligent amongst dealers and customers. Likewise, the web shopping occurrence yield benefits, for instance, easy system for business exchange; spares times and costs got diminishes look contrasted with customary shopping process. Due to these advantages, firms are extending their access to exchange of business through interesting strategy that convey by means of shopping that was interceded electronically. (March 2004) The Issues of Trust, Protection and Security The problems linked with internet shopping more to purchaser's exchange insurance that requires trust and protection among various nations or land areas. There is growing worry over shopping the web on account of untrustworthiness, client's insurance absence and trust that are basic components for an effective online substitute among association, nations and in addition a person. The significant issue confronted by customers in the online exchange is security. The overview report is evident the majority of reports recognized that exchange base on an e-trade have been compelled security. Moreover, buyers are worry about their security particularly when their own data are needed to encourage exchange furthermore; potential dangers are too postured to those utilizing Visas to make buy on the web. Secured framework is required upgrade internet shopping since purchasers tends to their protection and security. (Lu 2008) In another study, it was brought up that security, assurance arrangement and reliabilities of organizations are real hindrances to web shopping. Be that as it may, buyer's conduct towards internet shopping incorporates and not constrained to; worry over unapproved sharing of individual data, spontaneous contacts from retailer that are online, and they undisclosed following of shopping conduct. In addition, framework security-buyers who are worry about unlawful crossing over mechanical ensured gadgets to secure shoppers close to home, money related or data related to transaction. Worry over retailer that are online extortion cause by intentional deception or paid products non delivery for among the potential danger over online buy. Security, for example, the utilization of computerized mark and endorsements could get useful in controlling danger of extortion for exchanges that are online-based. Enhanced security framework for internet shopping would lessen unworthy conduct of buyers' with expansion goal for online exchange. Enhanced security in shopping through web could immensely urge buyers to take part in ecommerce bargain and additionally its mindfulness and part among monetary units. Buyers feel loose to utilize online medium when their capital and data are legitimately secured. Discarding the client's close to home detail and Visa data amid and after online exchange ought to be evaded as it gives more space for unlawful utilization of client's data. Trust in online exchange could be upgraded through strategies that consolidate legitimate, specialized, thorough guidelines for security, information assurance and endorsements of trusted outsiders. Furthermore, online venders ought to support reliable relatio nship keeping in mind the end goal to increment and pull in buyers to online exchange by guaranteeing that each exchange is kept inside the extent of assertion. (Dubinsky 2004) Integrate Infrastructure that is Web-Based The requirement which will facilitate the transaction of e-commerce so it was found that the effective measures for efficient execution of transaction of e-commerce in development of economic section should integrate the infrastructure that is web-based: Decrease high expenses connected with web access, for example, proclaimed in administration association charges, duty on membership and facilitating accuses for sites of adequate transmission capacity. Visas issuance ought to be managed to screen and control extortion through foreordained security code and components. (Josang 2004) Transportation base through which products and administrations are conveyed ought to be improved through adjusting great upkeep and change of obsolete offices. Exchange ought to be brought out just through secured arrange other than; gatherings setting out on online exchange ought to be familiar on security-related issues to guarantee unwavering quality. (Udo 2001) Challenges that are Raised for Trust, Protection and Security Below are some the issues that are raised while doing online shopping: A decade ago saw fast collection of various studies on innovation arranged ecommerce shortcoming. As inventive methodology of ecommerce spreads crosswise over different divisions, online advertisers could profit by the open doors joined to web shopping by utilizing mulling over the measure equipped for decreasing wrongdoing inclined shopping. E-trade exchange is quickly enhancing as commercial ventures and individual specialty unit faces expanding rivalry. Most organizations lean toward internet shopping be that as it may; making universally base aggressive showcasing will support the generation of high esteem included products and administrations. In any case, it perceives that e-trade are gone up against with numerous difficulties, for example, managing an account framework administrations, postal framework appropriateness, web security and in addition client's state of mind towards the development of ecommerce. (Vega 2009) Trust as an imperative component influencing purchaser conduct decides the accomplishment of web shopping. Apart from this, the absence of certainty and trust the shopping through web are a piece of determinant element to the mass acknowledgment of e-trade as a productive business exchange system. Business associations and government could raise the impediments by successfully arranging and actualizing excellence e-trade shopping methodology for buyers with acknowledged needed. The e-trade remnants the potential technique to help business exchange, in any case, assurance, security and trust offered the online exchange. (Barnes 2007) Motivation Behind Security Confidentiality of Data this will provide the unscrambling/encryption. Identification and Verification assurance that someone is claims either she or he to get actualized with higher marks. Control over Access it will control what all assets client may admittance on particular framework. Utilizes password and IDs that are legitimate. (Cuestas 2008) Data Integrity assurance that information was not get messed with. Is actualized by message hashing or process. Non-disavowal a deal was not denied or buys Actualized with advanced marks.Plaintext/Cleartext people read the message.Ciphertext ambiguous to people, encryption utilizes. The reverse procedure be unscrambling.The calculation of cryptographic is the numerical capacity. Most of the stabbing is centered on finding the "significance". (Kraeuter 2002) Issues with Security Security highlights major four classes: Authentication: It verifies that you are who as you say. It approves that you stand out allowed for logon to the Internet keeping money account. Authorization: It permits just you for assets controlling in exacting ways. This remains you from enhancing the parity of the erased bill or record. Encryption: It deals with stow away information. It assures that keeping an eye cant be on others amid Internet managing an account exchanges. (Karjaluoto 2007) Auditing: The records of the operations are kept. Vendors use evaluation to display that the particular stock you purchased. Integrity: aversion against data change that was unapproved Non-repudiation: aversion against one assembly from renege on the understanding later sometime Availability: the action was counteractive alongside data evacuation or delays. (Nath 2007) E-commerce Potential Relevance Web gives more extensive access to viable business exchange close to its economical and dependability, exchange can be completed speedier and proficiently. The creating economy could be viably upgraded through coordinating ecommerce innovation into business related divisions. As a tremendous system of individuals and data, the web empowers e-business exchange by showcasing item and administrations for offer to potential clients too giving business access and data to intrigued accomplices. Electronic information exchanged to execute business between parties of business in online ought to be kept confidential. Since intranet permits momentary stream of products what's more, administrations and also inner data, indispensable data could be handled all the while and coordinated with information stream from outside e-business exchanges which could take into consideration proficient and successful reconciliation of authoritative procedures. (Masa 2009) Appropriate usage of e-trade will encourage little and ventures that are medium-sized to reach worldwide business sector since the operation are open standard based. E-business usage will encourage mass customization through requesting frameworks that permit clients to settle on decision and request items as for their own and remarkable determinations. For example, an auto fabricating organization with an e-business methodology takes into consideration online request of recently assembled autos inside few days in view of the client's craved particulars. In any case, the adequacy of e-trade coordination into organization's assembling procedure what's more; requesting is gainful. Likewise, the reconciliation of e-business could prompt diminishment in costs, vital focused on promoting, and the assistance of offering extra items, administrations, and new frameworks when required. (Knight. 2000) Conclusion E-trade is the progressive apparatus with the probable to change nearby business exchange. Incorporation of its advantages to market will encourage business administrations around the world. The real data of security, security and trust between purchasers need to get examined inferable from shoppers' point of view on the internet shopping. The contact of trust, insurance and security near purchasers and dispositions assumes the important part in usage of ecommerce be that as it may, assuming great executed, momentary stream of products and benefits remotely and inside. Plus, information that is crucial could similarly be all the while supported for organize with spilling of data out of ecommerce exchanges outside which takes into powerful and proficient account combination into hierarchical forms. E-Business Security is an Assurance of E-Trade Resources from Access that was Unapproved, Use, Adjustment, or Annihilation. Measurements of an E-Trade Security; Integrity: counteractive action against data that was unapproved alteration, No revocation: avoidance against collecting from reneging on the assertion later. (Anita. 2000) Validness: sources of data verification. Secrecy: insurance towards data that was unapproved divulgence. Protection: revelation and control of procurement data. Accessibility: avoidance against evacuation or data postponements. Fraudsters are continually hoping to develop online clients that are inclined for making fledgling blunders. (Dayle. 2001) References Lee G-C., Lin H-F., 2005 Customer Perceptions of E-service Quality in Online Shopping, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 161-176. Harridge-March S., 2004 Electronic Marketing, the New Kid on the Block, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 297-309. Yen C-H., Lu H-P., 2008 Factors Influencing Online Auction Repurchase Intention, Internet Research, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 7-25. Lim H., Dubinsky A.J., 2004 Consumers Perceptions of Eshopping Characteristics: An Expectancy-Value Approach, Journal of Services Marketing, vol. 8 no. 7, pp. 500-513. Patton M.A., Josang A., 2004 Technologies for Trust in 4, pp. 9-21. Udo G.J., 2001 Privacy and Security Concerns As Major Barriers for E-commerce: A Survey Study, Information Management Computer Security, vol. 9, no.4, pp.165-174. Roca J.C., Garcia JJ., de la Vega JJ., 2009 The Importance of Perceived Trust, Security and Privacy in Online Trading Systems, Information Management Computer Security, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 96-113. Chen Y-H., Barnes S., 2007 Initial Trust and Online buyer behavior, Industrial Management Data Systems, vol. 107, no.1, pp. 21-36. Roman S., Cuestas P.J., 2008 The Perceptions of Consumers Regarding Online Retailers Ethics and Their Relationship with Consumers General Internet Expertise and Word of Mouth: A Preliminary Analysis, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 83, pp. 641656. Grabner-Kraeuter S., 2002 The Role of Consumers Trust in Online-Shopping Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 39, pp. 43-50. Salo J., Karjaluoto H., 2007 A Conceptual Model of Trust in the Online Environment Online Information Review, vol. 31, no.5, pp. 604-621. Mukherjee A., Nath P., 2007 Role of Electronic Trust in Online Retailing European Journal of Marketing, vol. 41, no. 9/10, pp. 1173-1202. Hunaiti Z., Masadeh R.M.T., 2009 Electronic Commerce Adoption Barriers in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Developing Countries Ibima Business Review, no. 2, pp. 37-43. Mann, Catherine with Sue E. Eckert a Sarah Cleeland Knight. 2000. Global Electronic Commerce: A Policy Primer. Washington DC: Institute for International Economics. Rosen, Anita. 2000. The E-commerce Question and Answer Book: A Survival Guide for Business Managers. American Management Association. Smith, Dayle. 2001. The E-business Book: A Step-by Step Guide to E-commerce

Concept of Elasticity free essay sample

Why Economists Use Elasticity Definitions of Elasticity How to Compute the Elasticity of Demand and Supply Examples of Elasticity of Demand and Supply What is an Elasticity? Measurement of the percentage change in one variable that results from a 1% change in another variable. When the price rises by 1%, quantity demanded might fall by 5%. The price elasticity of demand is -5 in this example. Different Types of Elasticities Price elasticity of demand: how sensitive is the quantity demanded to a change in the price of the good. Price elasticity of supply: how sensitive is the quantity supplied to a change in the price of the good. Examples of Demand Elasticities When the price of gasoline rises by 1% the quantity demanded falls by 0. 2%, so gasoline demand is not very price sensitive. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Elasticity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Price elasticity of demand is -0. 2 . When the price of gold jewelry rises by 1% the quantity demanded falls by 2. 6%, so jewelry demand is very price sensitive. Price elasticity of demand is -2. . Examples of Supply Elasticities When the price of DaVinci paintings increases by 1% the quantity supplied doesnt change at all, so the quantity supplied of DaVinci paintings is completely insensitive to the price. Price elasticity of supply is 0. When the price of beef increases by 1% the quantity supplied increases by 5%, so beef supply is very price sensitive. Price elasticity of supply is 5. Why Economists Use Elasticity Economists want to compare apples and oranges all the time. Is oil market demand more price sensitive than wheat demand? no) Is the labor supply of women more wage sensitive than the labor supply of men? (yes) An elasticity is a unit-free measure. By comparing markets using elasticities it does not matter how we measure the price or the quantity in the two markets. Elasticities allow economists to quantify the differences among markets without standardizing the units of measurement. Examples of Unit-free Comparisons Gasoline and jewelry It doesnt matter that gas is sold by the gallon for about $1. 09 and gold is sold by the ounce for about $290. We compare the demand elasticities of -0. (gas) and -2. 6 (gold jewelry). Gold jewelry demand is more price sensitive. Paintings and meat It doesnt matter that classical paintings are sold by the canvas for millions of dollars each while beef is sold by the pound for about $1. 50. We compare the supply elasticities of 0 (classical paintings) and 5 (beef). Beef supply is more price sensitive. Inelastic Economic Relations When an elasticity is small (between 0 and 1 in absolute value), we call the relation that it describes inelastic. Inelastic demand means that the quantity demanded is not very sensitive to the price. Inelastic supply means that the quantity supplied is not very sensitive to the price. Elastic Economic Relations When an elasticity is large (greater than 1 in absolute value), we call the relation that it describes elastic. Elastic demand means that the quantity demanded is sensitive to the price. Elastic supply means that the quantity supplied is sensitive to the price. Size of Price Elasticities Inelastic: price elasticity less than 1 Unit elastic: price elasticity equal to 1 Elastic: price elasticity greater than 1.

Finding A Good Government Essay Sample

Finding A Good Government Essay SampleThere are plenty of government essay samples available to students, and they can provide much guidance when learning how to write a good essay. Some include the basic structure that you'll want to follow, but others go a little deeper into detail.A first time student should start with a sample essay that serves as a reference to your writing, but that will not be an extensive examination of the topic or individual topic. In this case, the essay sample will contain helpful advice and suggestions, which are what you'll want to follow. An important aspect of learning how to write a good essay is to start off with the basics, and to practice and review what you have learned until it is second nature.There are many government essay samples available online. However, be careful about going over all of them as one might find something truly useful. Also, never assume that the teacher has merely presented a sample of how to write a better essay. In fact, there might be a more comprehensive, official grade assignment, and it is well worth your time to check it out to see exactly what the professor is asking for.If there is only one essay that you are required to take as part of your grade, you may want to find out who the instructor is and ask to take one of their shorter essays. This can be less time consuming, but still be a good way to get a feel for the course's style. You will need to remember that the instructor has probably spent years teaching this course, so it is unlikely that he or she would skip over any points of importance that you might not be familiar with.There is also the possibility that you will be required to write a 'research paper' that will be given proper attention and thought. If this is the case, then you'll want to make sure that you check out several options and go through them carefully. If you choose incorrectly, you will most likely be reprimanded or even expelled from the class.Your best bet is to av oid going over the same topics and concepts that you have already studied. The rules are clear: you must read and learn more, but only when you've completed the work that you are required to do. Avoid skipping parts of the paper because you feel it will be too difficult, as this will cause you to miss out on the most important parts.Always remember that a research paper is written for students to use as a grade assignment, not a source of entertainment. It should give them insight into the course that will help them complete their projects and earn their diplomas. Additionally, it should also show the professor that you have taken the time to study your topics.There are lots of government essay samples available online. Be careful about choosing only one, and try to find one that includes the basic format that you will use throughout your career. Then, keep practicing until you have it down pat.

Ethical Capital and Peoples Roles in it

Introduction In the 19th and 20th century people who were successful in business and political world had one thing in common, they all appreciated and invested a lot in physical capital.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Capital and People’s Roles in it specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During those times capital was any form of assets or finances but in the modern world things have changes and the definition of capital has broadened to not only including assets and finances but also the human and ethical aspects which constitute the human capital and ethical capital respectively. Human capital involves the skills and knowledge that individuals acquire from education and experiences. Ethical capital on the other hand can be defined as the practices, tools, and techniques of refining and defining values that an organization possesses (Harvard Business review, pp 4). In other words ethical capital goes beyond the monetary value and involves the practices and techniques of creating values. This essay primarily discusses peoples’ roles, understanding and perception, towards ethical capital in different societies and disciplines. It majors on the Indian community and their cultural religious and political beliefs that either help in building or destroying ethical capital in India. We will also briefly look into the Russian post soviet era and a new and invention in the medical field and their contributions towards ethical capital. Ethical Capital in the Indian Society According to a research done by Jacob Copeman (2-3), Indians are never willing to voluntarily donate their blood to blood banks, in other word they only donate with a clear objective in mind for instance donating blood for close relatives, friend or for certain rituals either religious or political. There were made to believe that one looses a lot of energy after donating blood. This is the main reason why most I ndians drink milk after donating blood to replenish the lost energy. Also in most parts of south Asia Impotence is linked with strength. This belief makes everyone not willing to ‘sacrifice’ his blood to save the life of others in fear of becoming weak hence becoming impotent. Going back to the definition of ethical capital it is clear that since time immemorial the Indian society has had the wrong perception of some ethical issues in relation to blood donation.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The caste system has also contributed to this situation in that Indians believe that a person’s body parts, clothes and everything he owns can act as conduits of personal and spiritual qualities of that person since they possessed with them. Blood donation and transfusion is also viewed in this perspective and no one especially in the higher castes wants to acquire t he personality or spirit of a person from a lower caste through donated or transfused blood (Jacob 3). This complies with the â€Å"Purity and Pollution† belief of Sikh and Hindu revivalist organizations. These organizations organize blood donation events all over India as part of ‘seva’ (service) to purify oneself by removing some of the â€Å"senile blood† to allow formation of new and pure blood. As much as this groups help in donating blood they also discourage patients from accepting the blood. They believe that the donated â€Å"senile blood† is polluted with sins and impurities of the donor. In a nut shell this belief does not actually hinder blood collection but limits some needy patients from receiving donated blood in fear of being polluted by it (Jacob 3). This helps in building and destroying ethical capital in India but in my opinion it builds more than it destroys because comparing the number of people who donate and those who benefit from the donations to the ones who refuse it the donors and beneficiaries are more hence they build more than they destroy ethical capital. Jacob also acknowledges Addlakha’s work where he explains how the media is the main tool that can be effectively used in building a strong ethical capital base in the Indian population this is due to the fact that it assumes and performs several roles as he quoted â€Å"it performs the role of commentator, communicator, educator and watchdog during crisis† (Addlakha 154). Some non-governmental organizations and other humanitarian organizations e.g. the Red Cross society in India have been advocating for a stronger ethical capital base by trying to change the attitude and perception of the public towards blood donation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Capital and People’s Roles in it specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They have come up with slogans which are written on posters and websites e.g. â€Å"A blood donor has no equal† and â€Å"the desire to share something of oneself is what singles out a blood donor from the others† (Jacob 5). This enables more people to accept blood donation as a good thing since the people advocating for it are known to be of good motive e.g. the Red Cross society. In my opinion deified politicians e.g. Indira Gandhi and her son Rajiv Gandhi (Jacob 6) help in building ethical capital when their deaths are commemorated. People donate blood in respect to this martyrs who died for their countries. This political rituals help in uniting people from all over the country to ‘shed’ (donated) blood in their remembrance. People consider it a good action and as a result they volunteer in large numbers hence ethical capital is built. The soviet and Post soviet era According to Rivkin-Fish (48) In the Soviet period in Russia paying physicians for medical care was an illegal and imm oral action in that doctors who asked for any form of payment were viewed as the selfish, immoral and most corrupt. This changed in the post soviet Russia and doctors were allowed to accept and demand for payments for their expertise and time. This situation complies with definition of capital as discussed earlier in this essay i.e. during the time when physicians were not allowed to demand for payment for their services the ethical were not relevant when considering capital as opposed to the modern world, post soviet Russia, where it is considered and appreciated. In other words ethical capital has been is appreciated in post soviet Russia though it is facing certain challenges as discussed below. People destroy the little traces of ethical capital in our modern society ignorantly without realizing by asking for favors from acquaintances. Rivkin-Fish gives an example of her friend, Valya, who earns favors from friends for medical checkup. She pays for the services through a friend who introduced her to the doctor and not through the hospital administration as required.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some things may appear right to us but ethically they are not, for instance Valya gives her friend $150 and a few bottles of vodka as payment for the medical services which is literary right but ethically its wrong. She was supposed to pay through the cashier where she would obtain a receipt. She suggests that â€Å"paying for medical services is a moral action that conveys respect and recognition for professionals’ attention and expertise† (Rivkin-Fish 48). She criticizes the traditional modes of operation of the soviet era yet she offers the doctor payments directly which in real sense is a form of bribery. This proves to us that the same people who are in the frontline of fighting corruption are the same ones who engage in them ignorantly and as you know in a corrupt society ethical capital is usually very minimal. Umbilical cord blood According to Waldby (2006, 55) â€Å"Umbilical cord blood has proved an effective substitute for bone marrow in the treatment of bl ood disorders.† This has led to the establishment and development of both public and private cord blood banking facilities. Bioethicists and other medical professionals advocating for ethical capital condemn private cord blood banking by claiming that it converts valuable clinical cord blood banks into privately owned and managed accounts which are of no help to the public and they can only selfishly benefit only the owners. They also claim that the great demand and value for cord blood may lead to the risk of thee medical staff shifting their attention from the mother and child to the cord blood (Waldby, 59-60†). By so doing the life of both the mother and the child are put to risk by the profit minded staff and this is against doctors’ work ethics hence it is against the ethical capital in the medical world. Conclusion As we have seen in the above discussed issues establishment of a strong ethical in any form of society requires critical evaluation of all action s and decisions with an aim of determining whether it is ethically right or wrong because ethics have proved to have a great influence to the success of any organization or society. Works Cited Addlakha, Renu. â€Å"State Legitimacy and Social Suffering in a Modern Epidemic: A Case Study of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever in Delhi.† Contributions to Indian Sociology Volume 35, [2001], Issue 2: p 154. Harvard Business review. â€Å"Ethical Capital Is Capitalism’s New Cornerstone† [2010]. pp4. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2010/06/ethical-capital Jacob, Copeman. â€Å"BLOOD WILL HAVE BLOOD: A Study in Indian Political Ritual† Social Analysis Volume 48, [2004]. Issue 3, p 2-6. Rivkin-Fish, Michele. â€Å"Bribes, Gifts and Unofficial payments: Rethinking Corruption in post-Soviet Russian Health Care†. Corruption: Anthropological Perspectives, ed. Pluto press, [2005]. P 47-48. Waldby, Catherine. â€Å"Umbilical Cord Blood: From Social Gift to Venture Capita l† Sydney: The University of New South Wales, School of Sociology, 2006. p 55-60. This essay on Ethical Capital and People’s Roles in it was written and submitted by user S1lverSable to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Slope of Regression Line and Correlation Coefficient

Slope of Regression Line and Correlation Coefficient Many times in the study of statistics it is important to make connections between different topics. We will see an example of this, in which the slope of the regression line is directly related to the correlation coefficient.  Since these concepts both involve straight lines, it is only natural to ask the question, How are the correlation coefficient and least square line related?   First, we will look at some background regarding both of these topics. Details Regarding Correlation It is important to remember the details pertaining to the correlation coefficient, which is denoted by r. This statistic is used when we have paired quantitative data. From a scatterplot of this paired data, we can look for trends in the overall distribution of data. Some paired data exhibits a linear or straight line pattern. But in practice, the data never falls exactly along a straight line. Several people looking at the same scatterplot of paired data would disagree on how close it was to showing an overall linear trend. After all, our criteria for this may be somewhat subjective. The scale that we use could also affect our perception of the data. For these reasons and more we need some kind of objective measure to tell how close our paired data is to being linear. The correlation coefficient achieves this for us. A few basic facts about r include: The value of r ranges between any real number from -1 to 1.Values of r close to 0 imply that there is little to no linear relationship between the data.Values of r close to 1 imply that there is a positive linear relationship between the data. This means that as x increases that y also increases.Values of r close to -1 imply that there is a negative linear relationship between the data. This means that as x increases that y decreases. The Slope of the Least Squares Line The last two items in the above list point us toward the slope of the least squares line of best fit. Recall that the slope of a line is a measurement of how many units it goes up or down for every unit we move to the right. Sometimes this is stated as the rise of the line divided by the run, or the change in y values divided by the change in x values. In general, straight lines have slopes that are positive, negative or zero. If we were to examine our least-square regression lines and compare the corresponding values of r, we would notice that every time that our data has a negative correlation coefficient, the slope of the regression line is negative. Similarly, for every time that we have a positive correlation coefficient, the slope of the regression line is positive. It should be evident from this observation that there is definitely a connection between the sign of the correlation coefficient and the slope of the least squares line. It remains to explain why this is true. The Formula for the Slope The reason for the connection between the value of r and the slope of the least squares line has to do with the formula that gives us the slope of this line. For paired data (x,y) we denote the standard deviation of the x data by sx and the standard deviation of the y data by sy. The formula for the slope a of the regression line is: a r(sy/sx) The calculation of a standard deviation involves taking the positive square root of a nonnegative number. As a result, both standard deviations in the formula for the slope must be nonnegative. If we assume that there is some variation in our data, we will be able to disregard the possibility that either of these standard deviations is zero. Therefore the sign of the correlation coefficient will be the same as the sign of the slope of the regression line.

This is a PERSUASIVE paper arguing that VIOLENCE ON TV AND IN MUSIC Essay

This is a PERSUASIVE paper arguing that VIOLENCE ON TV AND IN MUSIC causes individuals to perform physically aggressive behavior which can result in injury, and - Essay Example Now that television has spread out into the world in such a big way, there is obviously no way one can turn the clock back and wish it a perennial goodbye. It is a necessity, but it could also be a menace, depending on the way it is used. Psychologists and social activists have time and again, over the years, conclusively established that without proper parental guidance, children are being adversely affected by exposure to the wrong programs in TV. Tender, impressionable, and receptive, the mind of a child is eager and ready to accept thrilling encounters and heroic feats. Therefore, while watching violent encounters and high decibel music, not only he enjoys the pulsating effect but also begins to build a personal bond with the characters in the movie. Eventually, within a short period of time, the child has decided that these are the programs and characters that he is going to be relating with for the rest of his life. In Chicago, two boys, both outsiders, enter, a maths classroom, and are locked in a fight. When the students and teacher try to break it up, one of the students gets fatally stabbed by the outsiders who then flee. Two teenagers burst into their Colorado high school about one year ago and gunned down 13 people. Then they shot themselves. Though it had appeared to be a spur of the moment event, it emerged later that the two had the bloodshed meticulously planned "down to the last bullet and explosive" for nearly a year. It was a murder-cum-suicide mission. Their bigger plan had been to blow up the entire school with pipe bombs attached to their bodies. Society is benefiting in terms of gross national product with everyone, including women, working. However, Kevin Dwyer, president of the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) is not pleased. He is direct to the point, "Kids are growing up without the supports they had in the past." Due to the abysmal lack of parental care, the television has become the stalwart companion after school hours for children. A child spends about 2 minutes communicating with his or her parents on an average day as compared to 16 hours a day glued to the television, writes journalist George Howe Colt in his 1991 book, The Enigma of Suicide. Studies are noncommittal on how exposure to images of murders and assaults on the television affects children's behavior, though many psychologists are convinced that violent television shows, movies, and computer games inflame destructive tendencies. Tellingly, more than 86 percent of television shows and movies portray characters who have their interpersonal problems solved with violence, according to NASP. According to the Center for Media Education in Washington, by the time he completes his elementary

Philoshopy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Philoshopy - Essay Example Empiricists say that sense experience is the ultimate source of all our concepts and knowledge. Rationalists have developed their view in two ways. The first one is that "they argue that there are cases where the content of our concepts or knowledge outstrips the information that sense experience can provide. Second, they constuct accounts of how reason in some form or other provides that additional information about the world" (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/). Empiricists form lines of thought. "First, they develop accounts of how experience provides the information that rationalists cite, insofar as we have it in the first place. (Empiricists will at times opt for skepticism as an alternative to rationalism: if experience cannot provide the concepts or knowledge the rationalists cite, then we don't have them.) Second, empiricists attack the rationalists' accounts of how reason is a source of concepts or knowledge" (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/). In order to be a rationalist you need to adopt one of three claims. The first one is"The Intuition/Deduction Thesis:" Some propositions in a particular subject area, S, are knowable by us by intuition alone; still others are knowable by being deduced from intuited propositions" The second thesis associated with rationalism is the Innate Knowledge thesis. "The Innate Knowledge Thesis:" We have knowledge of some truths in a particular subject area, S, as part of our rational nature. The third important thesis of rationalism is the Innate Concept thesis. "The Innate Concept Thesis:" We have some of the concepts we employ in a particular subject area, S, as part of our rational nature" (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/ ) In this same context, Descartes would have offered a brief description of his own experience with the proper approach to knowledge. Begin by renouncing any belief that can be doubted, including especially the testimony of the senses; then use the perfect certainty of one's own existence, which survives this doubt, as the foundation for a demonstration of the providential reliability of one's faculties generally. Significant knowledge of the world, Descartes supposed, can be achieved only by following this epistemological method, the rationalism involved in relying on a mathematical model and eliminating the distraction of sensory information in order to pursue the demonstrations of pure reason. Later sections of the Discourse (along with the supplementary scientific essays with which it was published) trace some of the more significant consequences of following the Cartesian method in philosophy. His entirely mechanistic inclinations would consistently emerge clearly in these sections, with frequent reminders of the success of physical explanations of complex phenomena. Non-human animals, within Descartes's view, are complex organic machines, all of whose actions can be fully explained without any reference to the operation of mind in thinking. In fact, Descartes declared, most of human behavior, like that of animals, is susceptible to simple mechanistic explanation. Cleverly designed automata could successfully mimic nearly all of what we do. Thus, Descartes argued, it is only the general ability to adapt to widely varying circumstances-and, in particular, the capacity to respond creatively in the use of language-that provides a sure test for the presence of an immaterial